3GPP has specified 5G for a large number of bands across a wide frequency range for meeting different requirements in terms of, for example, range, bandwidth, and latency, and also for addressing differences in spectrum availability across countries and regions. These bands are grouped into two frequency ranges:
- Frequency range 1 (FR1): 410 MHz to 7125 MHz (Release 17)
- Frequency range 2 (FR2): 24.25 GHz to 71.0 GHz (Release 17)
FR1, which is also called the “sub-7 GHz spectrum,” covers the bands that are commonly referred to as low bands (below 1 GHz) and mid-bands (1-7 GHz). FR2 is referred to as the “mmWave spectrum” and covers the high bands above 24 GHz. Starting with Release 18, FR1 and FR2 also include bands for non-terrestrial networks (NTNs).
FR1 and FR2 differ in some ways. Physically, FR2 radio waves are characterized by greater attenuation and a shorter range as well as poorer penetration of walls compared to FR1 radio waves, which propagate similarly to light. FR1 bands also typically include bandwidths of tens of MHz in low bands and 100 MHz in the 3.5 GHz range, while FR2 bands have a high bandwidth of several gigahertz, which enables very wide channels and very high data rates. 3GPP has also specified different options for FR1 and FR2 for some parameters; these make it possible to implement wider channels (up to 2 GHz vs 100 MHz) and lower latency.
The low bands of FR1 allow for nationwide deployments of 5G coverage layers, which can be complemented by FR1 midbands to upgrade existing macro cellular grids and as additional small-cell deployments. Non-public networks for verticals are typically implemented in the mid-band spectrum.
FR2 bands are very attractive for providing extreme capacity at local hotspots for both non-public and public networks as well as for fixed wireless access (FWA).
Because of the physics involved, 5G equipment for FR2 operation is implemented differently from FR1. The short wavelengths (10 mm and smaller) make it possible to place multiple antenna elements in small apertures with high directionality and implement beamforming and beam steering to extend the range and increase the reliability of connections. Very wide channels and high data rates require an additional effort when designing UE chipsets and network equipment. This is reflected in a price premium for FR2 equipment.
