5G not only enhances the performance and efficiency of public mobile networks, but also addresses machine-type communications and the Internet of Things (IoT). In particular, 5G enables communication with unprecedented reliability and extremely low latency, while also supporting massive IoT connectivity. This paves the way for numerous new use cases and applications across a wide range of vertical industries, including automotive, healthcare, agriculture, energy, and manufacturing. In manufacturing specifically, 5G may have a disruptive impact, as related building blocks – such as wireless connectivity, edge computing, and network slicing – are integrated into future smart factories.
Many applications in a manufacturing environment are best served by local non-public networks (NPNs). Any type of NPN – whether standalone, shared, or public network integrated – requires access to suitable spectrum, typically in the mid-band range, offering substantial RF bandwidth on the order of 100 MHz and favorable propagation characteristics for local coverage. Over the years, different spectrum access models have evolved across jurisdictions worldwide, making harmonization increasingly beneficial.
With a mandate to CEPT, the EU Commission initiated a process to harmonize the technical conditions for Wireless Broadband Low and Medium Power networks in the 3.8–4.2 GHz frequency range CEPT-wide, covering its 46 Members, and certain implementation harmonization guidelines for the 27 EU Member States. Based on the outcome of this mandate, the European Commission, in December 2025, issued a Commission Implementing Decision on the harmonization of the 3800–4200 MHz frequency band for the shared use by terrestrial wireless broadband systems capable of providing local-area network connectivity. This Decision harmonizes the technical conditions in the 3.8–4.2 GHz range, requires Member States to designate and make the band available on a non-exclusive basis, and obliges them to report on the implementation to the Commission by 31 December 2026.
At the CEPT level, ECC Decision (24)01 and CEPT Report 88 provide strong technical harmonization for WBB LMP systems in the 3.8-4.2 GHz band across its 46 Members. At EU level, Implementing Decision (EU) 2025/2425 sets certain requirements – such as a deadline of September 2026 for the 27 EU Member States – while leaving much of the detailed licensing framework to national administrations. Examples from existing and planned regulations in CEPT and EU countries reveal significant differences in terms of applicable services, available bandwidths, and positions within the band. Expanding the scope globally shows even greater diversity in approaches.
5G-ACIA recommends certain elements for harmonized licensing. It sees a need for up to 100 MHz of licensed bandwidth for non-public local networks, which is not currently available in all jurisdictions analyzed. Assigning spectrum to local non-public networks starting from the top of the 3.8-4.2 GHz band can support a harmonized approach across the EU, CEPT, and even other regions. This also helps mitigate potential interference from non-synchronized private local networks – which is critical for many vertical applications – with MNO operations below 3.8 GHz, while maintaining flexibility for future use in the lower portion of the 3.8-4.2 GHz. As non-public local networks are designed to operate for long periods of time, license durations should allow for 10 years with extension options.
Do you want to learn more about this future-oriented topic? Please download or share the 5G-ACIA white paper as a PDF file.
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